Nitrogen Fertilization Strategies for Sustainable Winter Wheat Production in a Growing World

Abstract

The escalating global human population, projected to reach nine billion by 2050, necessitates proactive measures to address the impending food gap. Crop yield augmentation and the expansion of arable land emerge as primary strategies to ensure food security. Winter wheat, a vital cereal crop, holds the potential to bridge this gap. However, global wheat yield averages remain suboptimal, emphasizing the underexplored potential of this critical crop. Nitrogen, a pivotal nutrient for wheat, significantly influences grain yield and quality. Efficient nitrogen management is crucial for maximizing profitability while minimizing environmental impact. Nitrogen deficiency poses limitations to winter wheat production, impacting growth and yield positively, while excess nitrogen leads to undesirable consequences such as lodging and susceptibility to diseases. Despite its potential, a decline in winter wheat grain production in 2021 underscores the need to evaluate the role of nitrogen fertilizers in enhancing production sustainability. Encouraging farmers to judiciously apply nitrogen fertilizers emerges as a key strategy to enhance winter wheat sustainability, supported by a three-year study conducted by the State Agricultural University. China, as the world's largest wheat-producing country, also emphasizes the importance of nitrogen fertilization in optimizing yields. However, excessive nitrogen application poses environmental risks and requires careful consideration to balance crop productivity and environmental sustainability. This comprehensive review highlights the intricate relationship between nitrogen fertilization and winter wheat productivity, considering factors such as planting dates, nitrogen rates, and environmental conditions. The research underscores the need for optimal nitrogen application to enhance grain yield while minimizing environmental impact. The study's results, drawn from multiple sources and field experiments, demonstrate that nitrogen fertilization plays a crucial role in winter wheat growth and development. The findings emphasize the importance of considering specific factors such as nitrogen dosage, planting dates, and regional conditions for effective nitrogen management. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the multifaceted impact of nitrogen fertilization on winter wheat, offering guidance for sustainable agricultural practices to ensure food security and environmental preservation.